-
CENTRES
Progammes & Centres
Location
To maximise the impact of India's free public transport schemes, a comprehensive and inclusive policy framework must be implemented
Image Source: Getty
Despite its criticality for millions, India's public transit infrastructure exhibits significant equity gaps, particularly impacting marginalised demographics. Urban centres like Delhi demonstrate restricted access for economically disadvantaged populations, with only a minute fraction utilising public transport. Similar patterns prevail in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, where infrastructure inadequacies amplify socio-economic disparities among vulnerable groups. In rural India, where a substantial majority resides, limited transport options exacerbate inequality by restricting access to essential services. Mobility challenges are further pronounced for individuals with disabilities, with substantial barriers impeding access. While initiatives such as the “Accessible India Campaign” exist, their implementation has yielded limited progress. Furthermore, women's mobility is curtailed by safety and security concerns, restricting their access to education and employment.
Achieving comprehensive sustainable mobility necessitates the integration of social inclusivity, gender sensitivity, and safety into policy and infrastructure, thereby ensuring equitable access to economic opportunities and improved quality of life.
Government policy, including the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), has aimed to enhance public transport; however, a predominant focus on environmental sustainability has often overshadowed social equity considerations. Achieving comprehensive sustainable mobility necessitates the integration of social inclusivity, gender sensitivity, and safety into policy and infrastructure, thereby ensuring equitable access to economic opportunities and improved quality of life.
The deployment of free or subsidised public transport as a strategic measure to address affordability and equity is prevalent globally. However, the efficacy of such interventions is contingent upon comprehensive implementation across multi-modal transit systems. It is posited that universal subsidies can drive modal shifts from private vehicles to public transit, thereby fostering environmental sustainability and bolstering infrastructure capacity. Conversely, critiques highlight potential inefficiencies in operational efficacy, citing reduced incentives for cost recovery and innovation. Concerns also exist regarding the potential for subsidies to diminish service enhancement imperatives.
The deployment of free or subsidised public transport as a strategic measure to address affordability and equity is prevalent globally.
A critical evaluation of subsidy mechanisms is imperative to ascertain their impact on achieving social equity and environmental objectives. Such analyses are crucial for optimising frameworks to ensure inclusive, resilient, and sustainable public transport systems.
Indian subnational governments have instituted programs to bolster social equity and gender inclusion within public transit through the provision of complimentary or subsidised bus travel for women, alongside fare reductions for vulnerable demographics, including senior citizens and individuals with disabilities.
States implementing free bus transit for women:
States and cities offering fare concessions to vulnerable populations:
These initiatives exemplify a coordinated effort across Indian subnational entities to advance social equity and gender inclusivity in public transportation, ensuring improved mobility access for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.
Numerous studies have been made to substantiate the impact of this free or subsidised public transport system. For instance, Tamil Nadu's provision of complimentary bus travel for women has demonstrably augmented mobility, economic engagement, and social integration. Data from the Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group (CAG) reveal that 93 percent of surveyed women reported increased utilisation of bus services, resulting in monthly savings of INR800–1,000. Additionally, 39 percent of respondents indicated expanded employment prospects, while 41 percent reported heightened participation in social activities. The scheme's impact was particularly pronounced among low-income demographics, facilitating enhanced access to educational and healthcare resources. Notably, the proportion of female ridership within the total bus passenger volume increased from 40 percent to 61 percent, signifying a substantial societal effect.
The scheme's impact was particularly pronounced among low-income demographics, facilitating enhanced access to educational and healthcare resources.
Another study on Delhi's “Pink Ticket” scheme reveals a significant surge in female bus ridership, increasing from 25 percent in 2020-21 to 33 percent in 2022-23. Surveys indicate 23 percent of women increased bus usage post-implementation, with 15 percent of infrequent users now regular riders. The scheme has yielded notable socioeconomic benefits, particularly for low-income women. 54 percent reported savings allocated to household expenses, education, and healthcare. Half accumulated emergency funds, while a third had purchased previously unaffordable personal items. 15 percent directed savings towards health and education. School and college-aged girls utilised funds for personal needs, while mothers prioritised children and emergencies. This underscores the scheme's role in enhancing financial agency and accessibility for women in Delhi.
The Karnataka “Shakti” scheme, providing free bus travel for women, has demonstrably increased female ridership and enhanced socioeconomic mobility. Data indicates a 47 percent surge in women passengers within the scheme's inaugural month, with over 410 million women beneficiaries. Individual savings, estimated between INR50 and INR200 daily, have improved access to employment and educational opportunities. Specifically, Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) buses experienced a rise in women's ridership from 40 percent to 51 percent, while Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) reported a 44 percent increase. Furthermore, the scheme has facilitated improved market access for rural women, contributing to the growth of small businesses. However, the substantial increase in ridership has resulted in overcrowding, necessitating infrastructural enhancements to accommodate the amplified demand.
To maximise the impact of India's free public transport schemes, a comprehensive and inclusive policy framework must be implemented. Enhancing bus frequency, particularly during peak hours, and implementing real-time tracking systems will improve accessibility and safety, especially for female commuters. Extending the scheme to include last-mile connectivity via free e-rickshaws or mini-buses, particularly in peripheral areas, is crucial. Universalising access across all bus categories (AC, non-AC, premium) and integrating metro services will further improve affordability and ridership.
Enhancing bus frequency, particularly during peak hours, and implementing real-time tracking systems will improve accessibility and safety, especially for female commuters
Infrastructure enhancements, including well-lit bus stops, CCTV surveillance, and the deployment of women marshals, are essential for safety. Public awareness campaigns should address cultural biases and normalise female mobility. Increased female participation in the transport workforce will promote gender sensitivity and serve as positive role models.
Integrating these measures through a gender-equity lens will empower women by improving access to education, employment, and social engagement. Free public transport should be viewed as a catalyst for inclusive urban development and social transformation.
Nandan H Dawda is a Fellow with the Urban Studies programme at the Observer Research Foundation.
The views expressed above belong to the author(s). ORF research and analyses now available on Telegram! Click here to access our curated content — blogs, longforms and interviews.
Dr Nandan H Dawda is a Fellow with the Urban Studies programme at the Observer Research Foundation. He has a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering and ...
Read More +
PREV
