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Saudi Arabia is seeking to anchor its economic diversification strategy in critical minerals, leveraging its vast reserves, foreign partnerships, and regional positioning to gain industrial clout and geopolitical leverage in the global energy transition.

Iran and Saudi Arabia resumed bilateral relations in March 2023, following a deal brokered by China and ending a hiatus of seven years. The diplomatic breakthrough underlined Beijing’s political inroads into the Middle East. Indeed, China’s relations with Iran have grown in recent years due to an alignment in their geopolitical interests, while China-Saudi Arabia relations have also notably strengthened. The deepening of the strategic partner