Introduction

Daily living in urban areas involves movement, in turn requiring the use of some form of road transport, whether public or personal. In cities with large populations and land area, the demand for various forms of transport is high because of the long distances between two points. This has led to a rise in the number of motor vehicles and per capita trip rates.^[1] The resultant high volume of traffic on road corridors leads to longer travel times, travel fatigue, reduced work productivity, higher fuel consumption and emissions of air pollutants, and economic losses.

Delhi presents a useful case study in understanding traffic congestion issues. It is the most populous city in India, with an estimated population of 22.5 million in 2026.^[2] The city also has the highest number of motor vehicles. Further, Delhi is surrounded by four populous cities—i.e., Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurugram, and Noida—which not only have high vehicle populations but also witness a daily to and fro of vehicles between them and Delhi. Thus, a large number of vehicles ply on Delhi roads every day, and the problem of traffic congestion is observed in its travel corridors.

This brief evaluates the traffic management methods followed by the Delhi Traffic Police and their implications on the state of road traffic in the city. It outlines recommendations for reducing congestion in Delhi roads, which may also offer lessons for other urban regions.

The State of Vehicular Traffic in Delhi

Traffic movement in Delhi is typically slow throughout the day on travel corridors like the Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, and roads connecting Delhi to neighbouring cities. During rush hours, it can take up to two hours to cover a distance of 30 km on certain corridors.

There are a number of reasons:

Vehicle Density: Although Delhi has various public transportation modes available, a large number of citizens prefer to commute by personal motor vehicles. The motor vehicle population in Delhi is the highest among Indian cities. According to the Delhi Statistical Handbook 2025, the city has 8.41 million registered vehicles of various types, including two-wheelers, cars and jeeps, goods vehicles, auto rickshaws, taxis, and public and private buses. Two-wheelers (67 percent) and cars and jeeps (25 percent) constitute 92 percent of this number (Table 1).^[3] Over 700,000 new vehicles were added in 2024, a 7.8-percent increase compared to 2023.^[4] Most vehicles ply on the city roads every day. In addition, a large number of commercial and private vehicles from neighbouring cities in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh enter Delhi on a daily basis through 125 border entry points across the city.^[5]

A survey conducted by the Delhi Traffic Police found congestion at 134 locations and stretches, 128 roads in poor condition, and 97 footpaths unusable due to damage and encroachment.^[6] The prevailing conditions also affect the movement of emergency vehicles used by the police, fire brigades, and ambulance services.

Table 1: Registered Motor Vehicles in Delhi

Vehicle Type	Number of Vehicles	Share (%)
Cars and jeeps	2,088,805	24.83
Motorcycles and two-wheelers	5,659,930	67.27
Ambulances	1,136	0.01
Auto rickshaws	94,731	1.13
Taxis	84,632	1.01
Buses	17,613	0.21
Other passenger vehicles (e-rickshaws)	173,457	2.06
Tractors and goods vehicles	293,340	3.48
Total	8,413,644	100.00

Source: Delhi Statistical Handbook, 2025.^[7]

Quality of roads: The build quality of several roads in areas governed by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is a matter of concern. Many roads, for example, are unable to withstand the impact of rains during the monsoon and develop cracks and potholes as a result. The inferior road surface causes inconvenience to motorists, who are unable to navigate these roads efficiently and may even meet with accidents.

Other build-related problems include the improper sloping of roads. Roads must be sloped such that any rainwater falling on the roads flows down to the drains. This, however, is not always the case, as seen in the severe waterlogging on most roads during the monsoon season. Roads in the city are also uneven, as whenever road repairs are undertaken or sewer/drainage hole covers located in the middle of the road are repaired, patchy repair work affects the evenness of the surface. Insofar as road width is concerned, roads are wide at places where space is available, but then the same road gets narrower, even down to a single lane, due to lack of space. Further, lane markings are either missing or faded at many places, affecting lane driving. Dedicated spaces for parking and walking are also often absent. These issues impede the swift movement of vehicles.

Condition of traffic signal lights: A total of 1,001 traffic signals, 1,018 traffic light countdown timers, and 501 blinkers (blinking lights) have been installed at various road intersections and T-junctions in Delhi to manage the flow of traffic.^[8] These lights and timers sometimes fail due to technical and other reasons. The problem is more common during the rainy season, when heavy rain accompanied by high winds can cause tree branches to break and fall on lights and timers, damaging them. The flooding and waterlogging of roads and underpasses also affect the functioning of lights. Yet another problem is related to the visibility of traffic signals. At several places, drivers are unable to see the signals properly due to obstacles such as banners or tree branches. Further, lights are yet to be installed at a number of intersections and T-junctions, especially in peri-urban areas.

To be sure, certain measures have been put in place to address these challenges. Traffic police are usually deployed during times of signal failure to manually guide traffic flows. An initiative to synchronise traffic signals at road junctions has also been started to ease congestion and improve commuter convenience. In this arrangement, the time duration of signal lights is set according to the volume of traffic. Thus, the time duration of green signal lights is kept longer at junctions with higher traffic volume and shorter where traffic is less. To tackle the recurring problem of flooding and waterlogging on roads and in underpasses, hotspots are being identified, and civic agencies are contacted for the desilting and cleaning of drains. At the time of logging, they are contacted to aid in the removal of water with water-lifting pumps.^[9]

Urban planning: Delhi’s development of buildings and infrastructure is uneven. With regard to road networks, at several places, many small roads connect to a main road within a short distance. For example, about five to eight small roads might join a main road over a distance of just 3 km. Several such intersections are without traffic lights. This results in a constant unregulated inflow of vehicles to the main road. Although such road networks offer better access to various places along the main road and help in greater distribution of traffic volumes, they also cause congestion due to deficiencies in traffic management.

Road space: Often, the full road width is not available to motorists. This happens when vehicles break down or when accidents occur, and there are delays in the removal of such vehicles from the carriageways or roads. Another reason for non-availability of full road width is the stoppage of buses at bus stops for picking up passengers. When buses stop in the left lane of the carriageway, the vehicles behind the buses also come to a halt or try to overtake the bus from the right—this practice causes chaos. Some roads also narrow at certain places, either due to the presence of built structures or because of construction activity, such as the expansion of the metro rail corridor. On such occasions, three lanes are reduced to two for a small distance.

Facilities for walking and cycling: The absence of pedestrian crossings, footpaths, foot overbridges, elevated walkways, underpasses, and bicycle lanes in several parts of the city affects the movement of vehicles, as the main road on which motor vehicles ply is used for walking and cycling. These conditions also pose risks to pedestrians and cyclists. For example, in the absence of walking infrastructure, many people are forced to climb over high median walls to cross the road, endangering their own safety and that of others. Moreover, even where the infrastructure is available, people choose to use the carriageway. On 5 December 2007, the Delhi Traffic Police launched a drive to prosecute and fine jaywalkers under Section 28 of the Delhi Police Act. Following its launch, many people were prosecuted; the initiative, however, soon lost steam due to lack of enforcement. There was also not enough preparation before its implementation, as the infrastructure required by pedestrians was not provided.

Traffic situation on special occasions: The volume of road traffic increases significantly on festival days and other occasions. On such days, severe traffic congestion is experienced, and motorists get stalled in traffic for hours.

The Delhi Traffic Police deploys additional personnel at congested intersections during these occasions, enforces traffic restrictions, provides alternative routes, and issues travel advisories to the public about road closures and traffic diversions. During the festival of Holi in 2025, for example, 40 checking teams were deployed to detect and prosecute violators—it helped reduce traffic violations and accidents that day.^[10] Similarly, on New Year’s Eve in 2025, about 20,000 personnel were deployed to ensure the proper flow of traffic near night-life hubs and commercial areas where large populations are known to congregate especially during special occasions.^[11]

Violation of traffic rules:

• Many motorists do not stay in their lanes. This practice causes inconvenience to other road users and leads to jams, especially at the entry point of flyovers and underpasses. In October 2025 alone, some 1,505 notices were issued for violation of lane rules.^[12]
• Delhi has roundabouts that were built with the aim of easing the flow of traffic yet many of them do not have traffic signals. Motorists enter the roundabout without reducing their speed or paying attention to others already inside the roundabout. The rule of giving way to traffic on the right is also commonly overlooked.^[13]
• Drivers often ignore the speed limits for vehicles, cross signals when lights are red, and drive against the flow of traffic (wrong-side driving). In December 2025 alone, 196,266 incidents of overspeeding and 29,213 incidents of jumping red lights were recorded on closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs) across the city, and 42,945 incidents of driving against the flow of traffic were recorded on the spot by traffic personnel.^[14] To mitigate these problems, cameras and speed detectors have been installed at various intersections and road stretches. As per the records of traffic police, cameras are installed in 109 locations of Delhi.^[15] After a violation is recorded, the footage is synchronised with the vehicle in question. The information generated in this manner forms the basis for issuing a notice to the violator that describes the nature of offence committed and the fine due. The notices are sent by SMS/WhatsApp messages on phone, or by post. Online and offline facilities are available to motorists for making fine payments.
• Some stretches of roads near road-side markets, educational and health institutions, and commercial areas are occupied by parked vehicles and informal vendors. These illegally parked vehicles, makeshift shops, and roadside vendors reduce road width and cause traffic congestion. In December 2025, for example, 125,336 incidents of improper or obstructive parking were recorded on the spot and 56,207 cases were recorded on camera.^[16] An independent study conducted in high-congestion areas of Delhi (e.g., Sadar Bazar, New Delhi Railway Station, Chawri Bazar, and Chandni Chowk) found that illegal parking, inadequate parking facilities, and absence of real-time parking vacancy updates exacerbates traffic congestion.^[17] The issues of road encroachments and improper and obstructive parking are being addressed by monitoring of roads, creation of parking spaces, the conduct of awareness and clearing drives, and issuance of legal notice to violators. Encroachments and improperly parked vehicles are removed by cranes. Special drives are also conducted to clear roads and intersections of vagrants or hawkers that cause obstruction to the free flow of traffic. In September 2025 alone, 325 such persons were removed from the roads, and social welfare agencies were contacted for initiating rehabilitation and support measures.^[18]
• Commercial vehicles (such as trucks and tempos) are not allowed to enter some parts of the city during peak hours (i.e., 07.30 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and 5.00 p.m. to 09.30 p.m.). However, incidents of illegal entry during restricted hours are noted at a few places, such as ITO and Seemapuri. The traffic police find that this problem occurs due to possession of fake no-entry permission stickers. Efforts are being made to control the problem by initiating disciplinary action against those involved.
• Many urban villages exist within the city, where people are engaged in cattle rearing and dairy activities. The proper movement of motor vehicles is thus also affected by the presence of stray cattle on roads in areas such as Naya Bazaar, Sadar Bazar, Nand Nagri, and Sector 22 of Rohini.

In addition to affecting the flow of traffic, unlawful practices cause inconvenience to those who do observe the rules, and increase the incidence of accidents.

Figure 1: Traffic Flow Disruptions in Delhi

Source: Author’s own

Traffic Management Measures

Various arrangements are being made by the Delhi Traffic Police to ensure the proper flow of traffic. Programmes are regularly organised to promote road safety and compliance with traffic regulations, and instil discipline among drivers. In this endeavour, the Delhi Traffic Police often collaborates with multinational companies and non-government organisations.^[19] Some of the awareness-building activities undertaken by the traffic police include: delivery of lectures by experts; conduct of workshops, interactive talks, and various competitions; training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); display of banners and posters on roads; and distribution of literature. Taxi drivers performing their duties well (in terms of compliance with traffic rules and regulations) are felicitated. Efforts are also made to educate road users and drivers of private vehicles on traffic rules, road signs, other safety measures, as well as penalties for violations. For this purpose, placards, banners, and public announcement systems are used at road intersections and traffic signals. School and college visits are also undertaken by personnel of the Delhi Traffic Police’s road safety cell to educate students on traffic rules, signals, and road signs.

In addition, a Computer Centre and Mapping Section have been established to support various traffic management activities. The Computer Centre maintains a record of violations committed by motorists and sends notice of these violations to them, offers technical assistance to traffic police personnel working in the field, and manages the Traffic Prahari mobile phone app created for citizens to film and report traffic violations and other issues in real time.^[20] The Mapping Section, meanwhile, identifies congestion points, encroached and waterlogged areas, and plans detours/alternate routes during emergencies or occasions such as VIP movements, road maintenance activities, rallies, and processions. The unit maps the actions to be taken using AutoCAD computer software, which is followed by their implementation on the ground.

Further, the traffic agency’s Public Interface Unit plays a key role in the collection and dissemination of information (about road blockages, diversions, alternate routes) to road users and various government departments via social media platforms, FM radio channels, the Tatpar Delhi Police App, and digital message signboards installed on roads. Public queries are addressed on phones and social media platforms, and information on faulty signals, traffic jams, accidents, breakdowns, broken roads, potholes, flooded roads, and fallen trees is shared with concerned civic agencies for remedial action.

Several other measures are being undertaken to mitigate congestion and related issues:

• The city has been divided into six traffic ranges (i.e., central, eastern, New Delhi, northern, southern and western), with each range further divided into 50 traffic circles for better monitoring and management.
• More traffic signals, traffic light countdown timers, and blinking lights have been installed at road intersections and T-junctions.
• More personnel are being deployed on the roads.
• The Delhi Traffic Police is planning to work with other government agencies, such as the Public Works Department, National Highways Authority of India, MCD, and Delhi Development Authority, to ease congestion. The traffic police have identified the roads experiencing chronic congestion to understand the causes, whether engineering flaws in the road, encroachments, or improper parking. Accordingly, the concerned agency will be contacted for rectification.^[21]
• The metro rail is playing an important role in addressing the travel needs of people living in Delhi as well as in the neighbouring cities of Bahadurgarh, Faridabad, Gurugram, Ghaziabad, and Noida. About 7.1 million persons travel in the metro rail every day.^[22]
• A high-speed Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) is being developed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation for people living in the national capital region. At present, the Delhi–Meerut RRTS rail corridor is operational, and more such corridors will be developed to connect Delhi with the cities of Alwar, Panipat, Karnal, Palwal, and Rohtak. A large population that previously commuted by motor vehicles is now travelling in the metro rail and the RRTS.
• Orbital road corridors around Delhi (urban extension roads and peripheral expressways) have been created to divert heavy (goods vehicles) and transit traffic. Within Delhi, several new roads, elevated expressways, and road tunnels have been built to bypass congested points.
• To meet rising public demand, the number of electric buses (12-metres long) operating in the city is being increased from the existing 3,500^[23] to 8,000^[24] by February 2026. Further, 1,162 smaller-sized electric buses (9-metres long) have also been introduced in select corridors.^[25]
• As per the amended transit-oriented-development policy of Delhi, the issue of traffic congestion near metro rail and RRTS stations will be addressed by creating walking routes and mixed-use development within 500 metres of stations. The initiative is expected to ease traffic jams.
• The length of the road network and road surface space is being increased by widening roads and developing flyovers, U-turns, and underpasses.

Proposed Traffic Decongestion Measures

This brief proposes the following remedial measures to ease Delhi’s traffic congestion:

1. Driver discipline: One reason for the occurrence of traffic violations could be the lack of awareness among drivers about traffic rules and safe driving. Licence applicants are expected to possess not only adequate driving skills but also knowledge of traffic rules and road signs. The driving licence issuing agency must ensure that licence applicants possess sufficient knowledge about traffic rules and safe driving principles. In addition, various communication channels should be utilised to regularly inform drivers about the do’s and don’ts for driving and parking vehicles. Education on traffic rules should begin at the level of schools.
2. Obstacle-free carriageways: Appropriate action should be taken to permanently address problems arising from parked and damaged vehicles, informal roadside vending, encroachments, and stray cattle obstructing roads.
3. Proper roads and infrastructure: All roads (highways, arterials, streets, service lanes) should be well maintained, and supporting infrastructure (signals, signage and early warning boards, street lights, lane markers, footpaths, cycle lanes, facilities for those with disabilities, vehicle parking, sewerage and drainage facilities) must be provided. A guiding template for each road category (expressways, arterial and sub-arterial roads, collector and local streets) should be developed for this purpose and applied on all travel corridors. The width of newly planned roads should be determined based on expected traffic.
4. Technological solutions: CCTVs should be installed on all travel corridors for monitoring traffic movements in real-time and quick resolution of issues, while ensuring that public privacy is not compromised. Traffic control practices should shift from traditional systems to an intelligent traffic management system that involves a data-driven approach using artificial intelligence, internet of things, and sensors to manage flows, park vehicles, and enforce rules.
5. Improved public transport: The gaps and deficiencies in the public transportation system need to be urgently addressed. These include ensuring the integration of various public transport modes (buses, metro rail, auto rickshaws, and taxis), safety, first/last-mile connectivity, bus service frequency, real-time bus service information, maintenance of buses, the expansion of areas covered by bus services, bus shelters, auto rickshaw fare meters, good bus/auto rickshaw/e-rickshaw/taxi driving habits, management of public transport vehicles outside railway/metro stations and airports, and regional connectivity. The city government introduces a park-and-ride scheme on certain occasions (such as during Republic Day) to prevent the huge inflow of private vehicles in some areas; however, this practice is not applied year-round. Areas experiencing chronic congestion could benefit from its implementation on a daily basis. The Delhi government has kept an outlay of INR 129.52 billion for 2025-26 to improve the public transport system.^[26] This allocation is expected to help increase public transport usage and reduce the number of private motor vehicles on the roads. After comprehensive improvement of the public transport system, measures such as high parking charges, congestion charging, car-pooling, vehicle ownership restrictions, as observed in the cities of developed nations, could also be introduced.^[27]
6. Enforcement of rules: Not all drivers who violate traffic rules end up being penalised due to inadequate monitoring by the traffic agency. The most common offences are jumping red lights, speeding, driving on the wrong side, and parking in no-parking areas. This issue needs to be resolved by remote monitoring of all vehicle movements and warning or penalising drivers for violations. SenSen Networks, an Australian-based AI company, offers services to detect violations with precision in real-time, generating evidence, and automating challans, while protecting privacy. In Pune, the company has partnered with the city traffic police to deploy an AI-based traffic enforcement system. The work is done by AI-powered cameras that monitor traffic and identify violations such as illegal parking, wrong-side driving, and obstruction of traffic flow. The recorded information is then sent to the traffic control room for timely response by the administration. According to the city’s Commissioner of Police, Amitesh Kumar, the automated violation detection system has helped in improving road discipline and reducing manual workload.^[28] Similar systems can be implemented in Delhi.

Conclusion

A large number of motor vehicles ply Delhi’s roads every day, and most motorists rush to utilise the available road space. This practice leads to chaos, with Delhi experiencing severe traffic congestion problems on several road corridors.

The prevailing road conditions call for applying a range of effective and sustainable measures, such as reducing the number of private motor vehicles operating, ensuring driver discipline, clearing obstacles on roads, keeping streets in good condition, and building the required road infrastructure. Policymakers should also work to integrate the use of intelligent traffic management technologies, improve public transport services, and enforce traffic rules consistently and rigorously. These measures will not only ease the flow of motor vehicles on city roads, but will also improve the health, environment, and economic profile of Delhi.

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Rumi Aijaz is Senior Fellow, ORF.

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All views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author, and do not represent the Observer Research Foundation, either in its entirety or its officials and personnel.

Endnotes

^[1] Ministry of Urban Development, Report of the High Powered Committee on Decongesting Traffic in Delhi (New Delhi: Ministry of Urban Development, 2016), https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Decongesting_TrafficDelhi06.pdf.

^[2] Planning Department, Economic Survey of Delhi 2023-24 (New Delhi: Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, 2024), 453, https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf.

^[3] Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Delhi Statistical Handbook 2025 (New Delhi: Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, 2025), 226, https://des.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/DES/generic_multiple_files/hand-book-final-2025.pdf.

^[4] Delhi Traffic Police, Newsletter, February 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/FEBRUARY-NEWSLETTER-NEW.pdf.

^[5] “Tackling Delhi Border Challenges,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), December 2024, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2024/December-Newsletter.pdf.

^[6] Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2111290&reg=3&lang=2.

^[7] Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Delhi Statistical Handbook 2025 (New Delhi: Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, 2025), 226, https://des.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/DES/generic_multiple_files/hand-book-final-2025.

^[8] Delhi Traffic Police, “Statistics,” https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/statistics.

^[9] “Delhi Identifies 445 Waterlogging Hotspots; Traffic Police Collaborates with Civic Bodies to Tackle Crisis,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), June 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-JUNE-25.pdf.

^[10] “Strict Traffic Measures on Holi Yields Drastic Reduction in Accidents,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), March 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-MARCH-2025.pdf.

^[11] “Delhi Traffic Police’s Strict Curbs to Keep New Year’s Eve Accidents Low,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), December 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-DEC.pdf.

^[12] “Improper Parking Tops Traffic Violations in Oct ‘25,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), November 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-NOV.pdf.

^[13] Delhi Traffic Police, “Rules of Safe Car Driving,” https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2021/LITERATURE/RULES-OF-SAFE-CAR-DRIVINGS.pdf.

^[14] “Improper/Obstructive Parking Tops Traffic Violations in Delhi in December ‘25,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), January 2026, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2026/NEWSLETTER-JAN.pdf.

^[15] “The Challan Roadmap – What Happens After the Camera Catches Red Light/Over Speed Violation,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), December 2024, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2024/December-Newsletter.pdf.

^[16] “Improper/Obstructive Parking Tops Traffic Violations in Delhi in December ‘25,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), January 2026, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2026/NEWSLETTER-JAN.pdf.

^[17] Abdul Ahad and Farhan A. Kidwai, “Addressing Urban Traffic Congestion in New Delhi through Novel Parking Guidance and Information System,” Cureus Journal of Engineering (2025), https://www.cureusjournals.com/articles/526-addressing-urban-traffic-congestion-in-new-delhi-through-novel-parking-guidance-and-information-system#!/.

^[18] “Delhi Traffic Police Removes Over 300 People Obstructing Traffic,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), September 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-SEP-25.pdf.

^[19] “Private Companies, MNCs, NGOs Join Delhi Police for Road Safety,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), July 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-JULY-25.pdf.

^[20] “Computer Centre – Hub for Everything Digital,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), May 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/MAY-NEWSLETTER.pdf.

^[21]“Delhi Traffic Police and Delhi Government Agencies Team Up to Ease Congestion,” Newsletter (Delhi Traffic Police), November 2025, https://traffic.delhipolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/2025/NEWSLETTER-NOV.pdf.

^[22] Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2111290&reg=3&lang=2.

^[23] Harsh Yadav, “City Pushes Clean Mobility with 100 New Electric Buses,” The Tribune, December 19, 2025, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/city-pushes-clean-mobility-with-100-new-electric-buses/.

^[24] “Delhi On Track to Become EV Capital with About 8,000 E-buses by 2026: Minister,” The Economic Times, August 25, 2025, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/delhi-on-track-to-become-ev-capital-with-about-8000-e-buses-by-2026-minister/articleshow/123506786.cms?from=mdr.

^[25] Snehil Sinha, “Delhi Govt Plans to Expand Fleet; Seeks 3,300 More E-buses,” Hindustan Times, January 11, 2026, https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-govt-plans-to-expand-fleet-seeks-3-300-more-ebuses-101768068201401.html.

^[26] Rekha Gupta, “Budget Speech 2025-26,” (speech, Delhi, March 25, 2025), https://finance.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Finance/marquee-files/budget_speech_english_0.pdf.

^[27] BBC, “Reducing Traffic Congestion in Developed World Cities,” https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zb7s8xs/revision/3.

^[28] Melvin Hipolito, “AI Traffic System in Pune Boosts Safety & Transparency in City,” ChannelLife, Australia, June 17, 2025, https://channellife.com.au/story/ai-traffic-system-in-pune-boosts-safety-transparency-in-city.

• Urbanisation
• India
• delhi traffic management
• traffic congestion in delhi
• urban traffic
• urban traffic congestion
• vehicles in delhi
• vehicular traffic in delhi

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