When it comes to the health of its 1.5 million people, sunny, sylvan Goa–India’s smallest state by area and the fourth-least populous–does better than most Indian states and best among the five heading into elections, according to an analysis by the Observer Research Foundation.
With health increasingly important to economic progress, this is the fourth of a six-part series that uses the latest available data to discuss the state of health and nutrition in Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Goa, Punjab and Uttarakhand.
Goa has a lot going for it: It is India’s fifth-most literate state (93% men, 82% women are literate) according to 2011 Census; 94% of women in the state participate in household decisions, according to National Family Health Survey, 2015-16 (NFHS-4) data; 99.5% of births take place in a hospital as against all-India average of 79%, according to Rapid Survey on Children 2013-14 data; public-health expenditure is four times the Indian average; medical facilities abound, and they have no shortage of health professionals; the sex ratio is among India’s best and getting better; and the infant mortality rate is India’s best, the same as Saudi Arabia and better than Brazil.
Yet, as we parsed these data, we found prosperity has brought new worries:
As we delved into the details, some answers emerged.
Public health expenditure in Goa, at Rs 2,439 per capita, is almost four times the national average, five times that of Uttar Pradesh and twice that of Uttarakhand, according to a health and family welfare ministry report.
Even in rural Goa, the average medical expenditure per hospitalisation is twice the average for all states and union territories (UTs) in India. For a state with no shortfall of nursing staff at public health centres (PHCs) and sub-health centres (SHCs), as data from Rural Health Statistics 2016 show, the high average medical expenditure in Goa begs an explanation.
Source: National Sample Survey, 71st Round; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2016Since the public per capita expenditure on health is quite high, health infrastructure at PHCs and CHCs in Goa appears to be better than most states: 94% of Goan villages surveyed had a SHC within 3 km and 82% had a PHC within 10 km.
Apart from a surplus of nursing staff at these centres, no PHC was short of a doctor, lab technician or pharmacist, according to the Rural Health Statistics 2016.
There is, however, a shortfall of specialists–surgeons, obstetricians, gynaecologists, physicians & paediatricians–at the CHCs. This is why Goans may be flocking to private healthcare facilities, despite the high premia they charge.
Roughly 45% and 60% of hospitalisation cases in urban and rural Goa, respectively, use public healthcare and is generally free. However, using private healthcare, which is largely paid for with household savings or loans, drives up private health expenditure.
While 16% of Goan households have at least one member covered by a health scheme or health insurance, according to NFHS-4 data released in 2016, there is a difference of almost 14 percentage points in insurance coverage between the two districts in Goa.
The average treatment cost per person for an ailing Goan was roughly Rs 50 over/under the Indian average, for both rural and urban India. However, in rural Goa, the average total medical expenditure (TME) per ailing person for an acute illness was 17 times the average expenditure at a public hospital; in urban Goa, it was four times higher. This reflects the premium Goans pay to private hospitals, even for acute “non-hospitalised treatment”–meaning, treatment for illnesses or ailments which did not require admission of patients into hospitals as in-patients–in the private sector.
This affinity for private healthcare begins when a baby is born.
The average total medical expenditure for delivery care in rural Goa is Rs 16,351, almost three times the average for rural India. The corresponding figure for urban Goa is Rs 19,477, or 70% more than the average for urban India.
Source: National Sample Survey, 71st RoundThe breakup of expenditure on delivery care, by public and private sector expenditure, makes it clear that the high expenditure on deliveries is because many Goans tend to frequent private healthcare. Even so, why is childbirth at a private hospital so expensive?
Two words: Caesarean section.
Caesarean births increased by 22% in Goa over the last decade, according to NFHS-4 data, the latest available. About 40% of institutional births take place in the private sector, but of those 40%, around half are caesarean births. While public-sector caesarean deliveries are lower (19%), this is still higher than the ideal rate for these types of deliveries, which should be between 10% and 15%–beyond which there is no evidence of gains in mortality rates–according to this World Health Organization statement.
In urban North Goa, 62% of all births in private-sector healthcare institutions were delivered by a caesarean section, while the comparable figure for urban South Goa was 54%.
Source: National Family Health Survey, 2015-16These deliveries involve anaesthesia, the use of an operation theatre, a surgeon, and a longer hospital stay, at the least, driving up costs. In the short term, there is a link, some studies suggest, that caesarean sections performed without medical indications increased adverse maternal outcomes.
Adverse maternal and child outcomes, not necessarily linked to cesarean sections, are evident.
The sex ratio at birth (defined as females for every 1,000 males) for children born over the last five years has improved for both rural and urban Goa from the estimates of 851 and 1,048 in NFHS 2005. However, rural South Goa’s sex ratio in 2015–1,409 girls to every 1,000 boys–is one of India’s best, in contrast to urban South Goa’s sex ratio of 792, among India’s worst, worse than urban Uttar Pradesh’s sex ratio in 2005.
In terms of mortality, Goa has one of the best estimates for infant mortality ratio, according to NFHS-4 data–13 infant deaths for every 1,000 live births (the same as much richer Saudi Arabia)–but its nutrition indicators do not always reflect that position.
The proportion of children under five who were stunted–low height for age–fell from 26% in 2005 to 20% in 2015, but wasting–low weight for height–rose, from 14% to 22% over the same period. The proportion of underweight children–low weight for age– reduced by no more than one percentage point over 10 years between NFHS 3 and 4, 2005-06 and 2015-16.
Source: National Family Health Survey, 2015-16While the percentage of children under five who were wasted–low weight for height–children in rural Goa fell from 17% to 12% in the last decade, in urban Goa, that proportion more than doubled since 2005. Urban south Goa has five times the percentage of wasted children than rural North Goa.
The trend of rise in wasting was seen at the all-India level as well, between the previous two NFHS surveys: NFHS II (1998-99) and III (2005-06). However, over the same period, the percentage of wasted children in Goa rose by less than the all India increase.
Source: National Family Health Survey, 2015-16The percentage of underweight children in Goa fell by one percentage point over 10 years to 2015. While it is possible that the fall is due to an averaging effect of the simultaneous rise and fall in percentage of wasted and stunted children in Goa, the cause for the rise in wasting is unclear–considering Goa’s low infant mortality, high proportion of improved sanitation facilities (78%), and 88% immunisation coverage
Could Goa’s nutritional indicators be reflective of growing morbidity in Goa? In developing countries, there is a tendency for countries that have low IMRs to experience an increase in morbidity, as sick children who would have previously succumbed to illnesses, such as diarrhoea and malaria, survive but with low levels of nutrition.
However, the fall in Goa’s IMR since 2005 has been marginal, at best. Over 10 years, the IMR fell from 15 to 13 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, not a drop large enough to account for the state’s 57-percentage-point rise in wasting.
A related issue is that almost half of Goan children under the age of five are anaemic. However, for all states that have experienced a reduction in wasting, apart from Manipur, the proportion of anaemic children is equal to or more than that of Goa’s.
An alternate explanation could lie in the possible worsening of mothers’ health in Goa. However, the numbers tell us quite the opposite: The proportion of pregnant women who are anaemic fell by approximately 10 percentage points between 2005 and 2015, settling at 32% in 2015, according to NFHS-4 data. While wasting was worse for urban Goa, the drop in the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was more pronounced in urban Goa than rural. The proportion of women with below-normal body mass (BMI) index has also fallen in rural and urban Goa since 2005.
Antenatal care (ANC) in Goa similarly varies: The proportion of women who received full ANC in south Goa was less than half that of north Goa.
Source: National Family Health Survey, 2015-16Goa’s healthcare issues are also compounded by diseases related to its prosperity, the so-called lifestyle diseases.
In 2015, India signed a United Nations agreement that called for 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). SDG Indicator 3.4.1 calls for monitoring of mortality rates attributed to lifestyle diseases–brought about by prosperity and the sedentary living–such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes.
That burden of prosperity is evident in Goa. Even as 33% of children in south Goa are wasted, 33% women in south Goa are overweight or obese with a BMI over 25 kg/m2, while the normal BMI is supposed to be between 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. Urban north Goa has the largest proportion of overweight or obese men and women in Goa, at 36% and 39% of the population, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, the proportion of overweight/obese men in Goa more than doubled.
High blood sugar, a precursor to or indicator of diabetes, also appears to be an issue, more for the men than women: 12.5% of men in rural south Goa had blood sugar levels above healthy, while overall, 7.3% men and 5.2% women had such blood sugar levels.\
This is the fourth of a six-part series. You can read the first part here, the second part here and the third part here.
Next: Uttarakhand Has Rich People–And Children With Poor Health
This commentary originally appeared in IndiaSpend.
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